Gigapixel microscopy using a flatbed scanner

Microscopy imaging systems with a very wide field-of-view (FOV) are highly sought in biomedical applications. In this paper, we report a wide FOV microscopy imaging system that uses a low-cost scanner and a closed-circuit-television (CCTV) lens. We show that such an imaging system is capable to capture a 10 mm * 7.5 mm FOV image with 0.77 micron resolution, resulting in 0.54 gigapixels (10 9 pixels) across the entire image (26400 pixels * 20400 pixels). The resolution and field curve of the proposed system were characterized by imaging a USAF resolution target and a hole-array target. A 1.6 gigapixel microscopy image (0.54 gigapixel with 3 colors) of a pathology slide was acquired by using such a system for application demonstration. OCIS codes: (170.0110) Imaging systems; (170.4730) Optical pathology; (170.0180) Microscopy References and links 1. M. Oheim, "Advances and challenges in high-throughput microscopy for live-cell subcellular imaging," Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 1-17 (2011). 2. A. VanderLugt, Optical signal processing (Wiley New York, 1992). 3. J. Gilbertson, J. Ho, L. Anthony, D. Jukic, Y. Yagi, and A. Parwani, "Primary histologic diagnosis using automated whole slide imaging: a validation study," BMC clinical pathology 6, 4 (2006). 4. http://www.dmetrix.net/techtutorial1.shtml. 5. G. Zheng, S. A. Lee, Y. Antebi, M. B. Elowitz, and C. Yang, "The ePetri dish, an on-chip cell imaging platform based on subpixel perspective sweeping microscopy (SPSM)," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 16889-16894 (2011). 6. W. Bishara, T. Su, A. Coskun, and A. Ozcan, "Lensfree on-chip microscopy over a wide field-of-view using pixel super-resolution," Optics Express 18, 11181-11191 (2010). 7. J. Wu, X. Cui, G. Zheng, Y. M. Wang, L. M. Lee, and C. Yang, "Wide field-of-view microscope based on holographic focus grid illumination," Optics letters 35, 2188-2190 (2010). 8. J. Wu, G. Zheng, Z. Li, and C. Yang, "Focal plane tuning in wide-field-of-view microscope with Talbot pattern illumination," Optics letters 36, 2179-2181 (2011). 9. J. Di, J. Zhao, H. Jiang, P. Zhang, Q. Fan, and W. Sun, "High resolution digital holographic microscopy with a wide field of view based on a synthetic aperture technique and use of linear CCD scanning," Applied optics 47, 5654-5659 (2008). 10. M. Lee, O. Yaglidere, and A. Ozcan, "Field-portable reflection and transmission microscopy based on lensless holography," Biomedical Optics Express 2, 2721-2730 (2011). 11. K. Fife, A. Gamal, and H. Wong, "A 3mpixel multi-aperture image sensor with 0.7 um pixels in 0.11 um cmos," in IEEE ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers, 2008), 48-49. 12. M. Ben-Ezra, "Large-Format Tile-Scan Camera," IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 49-61 (2011). 13. S. Wang and W. Heidrich, "The Design of an Inexpensive Very High Resolution Scan Camera System," Computer Graphics Forum 23, 441-450 (2004). 14. S. A. Lee, R. Leitao, G. Zheng, S. Yang, A. Rodriguez, and C. Yang, "Color Capable Sub-Pixel Resolving Optofluidic Microscope and Its Application to Blood Cell Imaging for Malaria Diagnosis," PloS one 6, e26127 (2011). 15. J. Mallon and P. F. Whelan, "Calibration and removal of lateral chromatic aberration in images," Pattern recognition letters 28, 125-135 (2007). 16. http://www.linhofstudio.com/products/cameras/anagramm_digital_reproduction/anagramm_digital_reproductio n.html. 17. G. Zheng, C. Kolner, and C. Yang, "Microscopy refocusing and dark-field imaging by using a simple LED array," Optics letters 36, 3987-3989 (2011). 18. L. Waller, S. S. Kou, C. J. R. Sheppard, and G. Barbastathis, "Phase from chromatic aberrations," Optics Express 18, 22817-22825 (2010).